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DC-DC Converters
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DC-DC step-down (buck) and step-up (boost) converters, as ready-to-wire modules or SMD circuits, to match a DC voltage to your circuit: LM2596, XL6009, MT3608, AMS1117.
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Choosing your DC-DC converter
A DC-DC converter transforms one DC voltage into another. Three questions are usually enough: the voltage available at the input, the voltage wanted at the output, and the current drawn by the load. If the output is lower than the input, you need a step-down (buck) type such as LM2596, XL4015 or MINI 360 (MP2307). If it is higher, a step-up (boost) type such as MT3608 or XL6009. For a battery whose voltage goes above and then below the output, a buck-boost module (XL6009 + LM2596S) avoids any cutoff.
- Voltage margin: check the maximum input. A standard LM2596s goes up to 36 V, the LM2596hvs version accepts up to 50 V.
- Current: allow some headroom. A module rated at 3 A heats up significantly if it works continuously near its limit, especially without a heatsink.
- Adjustment: adjustable models are set with a potentiometer, versions with a display let you read the voltage without a multimeter.
- Switching or linear: an AMS1117 (3.3 V, 5 V) is simple and clean for a few hundred mA, but dissipates the whole difference as heat.
For transformer-based power supplies and mains adapters, see the Transformers category.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between a buck converter and a boost converter?
The buck (step-down) gives an output voltage lower than the input, for example 12 V to 5 V. The boost (step-up) does the opposite, for example 3.7 V to 12 V. Neither creates energy: in boost mode, the input current is higher than the output current.
Which module should I use to power an Arduino or ESP32 board from a 12 V battery?
A step-down set to 5 V is suitable, such as an LM2596 or a MINI 360 based on an MP2307. Set the no-load output voltage before connecting the board, and take into account the current of the Wi-Fi module if you are using an ESP32.
Why does my converter get so hot?
Either it is working too close to its maximum current, or the gap between input and output is large. Choose a model with current headroom, add a heatsink or a bit of airflow, and prefer a switching module over a linear regulator for large voltage gaps.
Can an AMS1117 regulator replace a DC-DC module?
For a few hundred milliamps at 3.3 V or 5 V, yes, and it is simpler and less noisy. Beyond that, efficiency drops sharply because the entire voltage difference is turned into heat; a switching module is then preferable.
What makes the price of a DC-DC converter vary?
The allowable current, the input voltage range, the presence of a display or galvanic isolation, and the manufacturer of the chip. A generic LM2596-based module is not comparable to an isolated industrial module.