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Electronic Components

3947 results

Resistors, capacitors, diodes, LEDs, relays and integrated circuits in through-hole and SMD, for repairing a board or building an electronic project.

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3947 results

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Choosing the right component

A component is chosen on three points: its value, its package and its electrical limits. For a resistor, the value in ohms comes from calculation (the Ohm's Law calculator helps find it), but power rating matters just as much: a 0.25W carbon film resistor is enough for an LED, not for a load. In SMD, the package size also sets the dissipated power: 0603 around 1/10W, 0805 around 1/8W, 1206 up to 1/4W.

  • Ceramic capacitors: the dielectric changes everything. An X7R (for example from YAGEO or WALSIN) keeps its value with temperature and voltage, a Y5V drifts a lot — reserve it for simple decoupling. Pick a rated voltage clearly above that of the circuit.
  • Diodes: the 1N4007 (1A, 1000V) is used for mains rectification, the 1N4148 for fast switching and low-power signals.
  • 5mm LEDs: always with a series resistor; blue and white need a higher forward voltage than red.
  • Relays and power: check the coil voltage (a 24VDC module cannot be driven at 5V) and plan for a heatsink or a fuse.

For control enclosures and indicators, see Buttons and switches and Optoelectronics. For a timing-based project, the NE555 Timer calculator gives the R and C values directly.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between an X7R and a Y5V capacitor?

The X7R keeps a stable capacitance over a wide temperature range and handles applied voltage better. The Y5V has the same nominal value but can lose a large part of its capacitance in service; it suits non-critical decoupling, not a filter or a regulation loop.

How do you choose between through-hole and SMD components?

Through-hole (DO-35, DO-41, carbon film resistors) solders easily with an iron and suits breadboards and repairs. SMD (0402, 0603, 0805, 1206) is required on modern boards and needs a fine tip, flux and good lighting.

Which resistor should be put in series with a 5mm LED?

Subtract the LED's forward voltage from the supply voltage, then divide by the desired current (often 10 to 20 mA). The Ohm's Law calculator does the math; at 5V with a red LED, this usually falls between 150R and 330R.

Can a 1N4007 replace a 1N4148?

Not always. The 1N4007 holds a high reverse voltage but switches slowly; in a signal or fast-switching circuit, it performs poorly. The 1N4148 is made for that, though it only handles a small current.

Why does the price of the same value vary so much?

Tolerance (±5% versus ±1%), temperature coefficient, brand and packaging make the difference. A precision resistor or a stable-class capacitor costs more than a generic component of the same value.